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　　引用美國核管會資料來介紹美國核電站，但卻從沒介紹過NRC。2014年9月12日美國核管會（NRC）批準了2014-2018年戰略規劃，本人從中節選部分翻譯，并做出適當的編輯，供大家了解核管會。特別聲明：本人未獲NRC的授權翻譯（也未進行校對），只是從愛好者的角度進行翻譯，不用于商業用途，如有異議，本人將刪除相關博文；本人承諾不會應用于商業行為，也請轉載者承諾不用于商業行為。（轉載需要聯系本人）。

一、美國核管會組織架構
　　NRC決策層為5人委員會，設有一名主席。但主席和另外四名委員擁有的權限是一樣的。（2011年美國核管會以4:1批復AP1000標準設計文件時，當時投下唯一反對票的就是時任NRC主席的Greg Jaczko）

　　NRC下設若干部門（業務部門和職能部門），并按照分區監管的原則向各個核設施派駐現場監管代表。

　　NRC下屬部門中設有專門的公眾溝通部門，可見其對公眾溝通的重視。

圖1：美國NRC組織機構圖

　　圖2展示了NRC的五大職能：法規導則（制定），許可、退役和認證，監督，運行經驗，決策支持。從該圖可以看到，決策支持在NRC的重要作用，決策支持對其他四項活動給予了支持；而且NRC十分注重經驗反饋，通過經驗反饋來完善法規導則和改進監督。

圖2：美國NRC組織運作示意圖

二、美國核管會的發展戰略

　　（此段落主要來自于NRC發布的2014-2018年戰略）

（一）、KEY CHALLENGES重要挑戰

During the upcoming planning period, the NRC will face new challenges as it continues to operate in a dynamic environment. Key factors the agency has considered in developing this plan include the following:

在即將來到的規劃期，由于在動態環境下運營NRC將面臨新挑戰，當局在制定本規劃時考慮的重要挑戰如下：

• Continued implementation of enhancements to improve nuclear safety based on insights arising from operating experience reviews and lessons learned from the 2011 nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear facility in Japan;

• 在對2011年日本福島第一核電廠核事故經驗教訓以及運營經驗提升的監督基礎上繼續強化改善核安全；

• Continual learning and adaptation of the regulatory framework to address knowledge of and response to the specific hazards, uncertainties, and risks associated with each nuclear site;

• 持續學習和改進監管框架以適應每一處核設施廠址特有危險、不確定性和風險的應對和有關知識。

• Continued readiness to review applications involving new technologies such as small modular reactors, medical isotope production facilities, and rapidly evolving digital instrumentation and control systems;

• 繼續準備以審查新技術申請，諸如小型模塊式反應堆、醫用同位素生產設施和快速發展的數字化儀表和控制系統等；

• Changes in the demographics, experience, and knowledge of the workforce;

• 全體雇員的組成、經驗和知識的改變；

• Continued awareness of and support to the development of nuclear safety and security regulations around the world;

• 持續關注并支持全球核安全和安保監管的發展；

• Changing economic conditions in the energy market affecting current and planned applications to construct and operate new nuclear facilities or decommission existing ones;

• 改善能源市場的經濟條件從而影響當前和計劃建造運營核設施或現有核設施退役的有關申請；

• Globalization of nuclear technology and the nuclear supply chain, driving the need for increased international engagement on the safe and secure use of radioactive material and the need for new oversight approaches, including ensuring that foreign components used in U.S. nuclear facilities are in compliance with NRC requirements; and

• 核技術和核供應鏈的全球化，驅動了放射性材料的安全和保障使用的國際協議和新監管方法的需求，以使得美國核設施中應用的外國部件和NRC監管規則相適應；

• Continuous monitoring of the threat environment to ensure the security of facilities and accountability controls for radioactive materials.

• 持續對威脅環境的監測以確保設施安保和放射性材料的可靠控制。

To meet these challenges, the NRC must use its resources effectively and efficiently, enhance the regulatory framework as appropriate to address existing or emerging issues, and deploy effective and innovative strategies for maintaining staff competence and readiness. Even as the NRC works to address these challenges, the agency’s mission and organizational values remain unchanged. The agency will remain a strong, independent, stable, and effective regulator that places the highest priority on ensuring the safety and security of the nuclear facilities and radioactive materials it regulates.

為了應對這些挑戰，NRC必須高效實用自由，區劃監管體系以適應已有或新出現的問題，部署有效和革新的戰略以維持員工競爭力和準備程度。即使當NRC為適應這些挑戰工作時，該機構的使命和組織價值觀繼續維持不變。該機構將繼續成為一個強大、獨立、穩定和有效的監管者，他們在監管時將確保核設施和放射性材料的安全和安保放在最高優先級。

（二）、美國核管會2014-2018年戰略框架

　　根據NRC發布的2014-2018年戰略，其框架如下：

圖3：美國NRC戰略框架

MISSION使命

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission licenses and regulates the Nation’s civilian use of radioactive materials to protect public health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and protect the environment.

美國NRC對聯邦內放射性材料進行許可和規管以保證公眾健康和安全、促進公共防衛和安保，及保護環境。

VISION愿景

A trusted, independent, transparent, and effective nuclear regulator

一個值得信賴、獨立、透明并且高效的核監管者

To be successful, the NRC must not only excel in carrying out its mission, but must do so in a manner that engenders the trust of the public and stakeholders. This vision is an outgrowth of the NRC operating in a manner consistent with its longstanding Principles of Good Regulation—independence, openness, efficiency, clarity, and reliability—and its organizational values (see box). These principles guide the agency—from how the NRC reaches decisions on safety, security, and environmental issues; to how the NRC performs administrative tasks; to how its employees interact with their fellow employees and other stakeholders.

為了成功做到這一點，NRC不僅需要在執行他的使命時要做到卓越，而且必須按照公眾和利益干系人信任的方式開展。這一愿景是NRC堅持負荷其良好監管長期原則相一致的規則運營——獨立、開放、高效、清晰,且可信賴——以及其組織價值觀（如下框所示），而這些原則幫助機構做決策——從如何使得NRC做出安全、安保和環境問題的決策；到NRC如何執行綜合任務、如何使得他們的雇員和雇員、雇員和其它利益干系人等溝通等。

By adhering to these principles and values, the NRC maintains its regulatory competence, conveys that competence to stakeholders, and promotes trust in the agency.

堅持這些原則和價值觀，NRC維持其監管能力，向利益干系人闡述能力并促進機構內的（相互）信任。

NRC ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES

• Integrity in our working relationships, practices, and decisions

• Service to the public and others who are affected by our work

• Openness in communications and decisionmaking Commitment to public health and safety, security, and the environment

• Cooperation in the planning, management, and performance of agency work

• Excellence in our individual and collective actions

• Respect for individuals’diversity, roles, beliefs, viewpoints, and work/life balance

NRC組織價值觀

• 誠信：在合作、實踐和決策時誠信；

• 服務：為各自和受我們工作影響的其他人服務；

• 開放：在公眾健康、安全、安保和環境方面的決策和溝通時保持開放；

• 協調：規劃/計劃、管理和機構工作績效方面的協調；

• 卓越：個人和集團行事卓越；

• 尊重：尊重個體多樣性、角色、信仰、價值觀和工作/生活間的平衡

STRATEGIC GOALS

GOAL 1: Ensure the safe use of radioactive materials.

GOAL 2: Ensure the secure use of radioactive materials.

戰略目標

目標1：確保放射性材料的安全使用

目標2：確保放射性材料在安保下使用

STRATEGIC GOALS

GOAL 1: Ensure the safe use of radioactive materials.

OBJECTIVES :

SAFETY OBJECTIVE : PREVENT AND MITIGATE ACCIDENTS AND ENSURE RADIATION SAFETY.

戰略目標

目標1：確保放射性材料的安全使用

安全目標：防止和緩解事故并確保輻射目標

Safety Strategy 1: Enhance the NRC’s regulatory programs as appropriate using lessons learned from domestic and international operating experience and other sources.

安全策略1：強化NRC監管程序，如恰當應用國內國際運營經驗和其它來源的經驗教訓；

Safety Strategy 2: Enhance the risk-informed and performance-based regulatory framework in response to advances in science and technology, policy decisions, and other factors.

安全策略2：強化風險指引和績效基礎的監管框架，以響應科技進步、政治決策和其它因素；

Safety Strategy 3: Ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of licensing and certification activities to maintain both quality and timeliness of licensing and certification reviews.

安全策略3：確保許可和認證活動的有效性和效率，以保持許可和認證審查既有質量又具及時性；

Safety Strategy 4: Maintain effective and consistent oversight of licensee performance to drive continued licensee compliance with NRC safety requirements and license conditions.

安全策略4：保持許可績效監察的有效性和一致性，以使得許可持續滿足NRC安全要求和許可條件；

Safety Strategy 5: Ensure the NRC’s readiness to respond to incidents and emergencies involving NRC-licensed facilities and radioactive materials and other events of domestic and international interest.

安全策略5：確保NRC已準備應對好涉及到NRC發放了執照的設施和放射性材料事故和應急、國內國際事件其它相關事件；

Safety Strategy 6: Ensure that nuclear facilities are constructed in accordance with approved designs and that there is an effective transition from oversight of construction to oversight of operation.

安全策略6：確保核設施按照經批準的設計建造并實現建造監督向運營監督的有效過渡；

Safety Strategy 7: Ensure that the environmental and site safety regulatory infrastructure is adequate to support the issuance of new nuclear licenses.

安全策略7：確保環保核廠址安全監督基礎足以滿足新核（設施）執照發放的需要；

GOAL 2: Ensure the secure use of radioactive materials.

OBJECTIVES :

SECURITY OBJECTIVE : ENSURE PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.

目標2：確保放射性材料在安保下使用

目標：

安保目標：確保核設施和放射性材料防護

Security Strategy 1: Ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the regulatory framework using information gained from operating experience and external and internal assessments and in response to technology advances and changes in the threat environment.

安保策略1：應用從運營經驗、外部評估和內部評審獲得的信息，確保監管框架的有效性和效率，對技術進步及環境威脅的變化進行響應；

Security Strategy 2: Maintain effective and consistent oversight of licensee performance to drive continued licensee compliance with NRC security requirements and license conditions.

安保策略2：維持許可績效監察的有效性和一致性，以使得許可持續滿足NRC安保要求和許可條件；

Security Strategy 3: Support U.S. national security interests and nuclear nonproliferation policy objectives within NRC’s statutory mandate through cooperation with domestic and international partners.

安保策略3：在NRC法定授權下，通過和國內、國際伙伴合作，為美國國家安全利益和核不擴散政策目標提供支持。

Security Strategy 4: Ensure material control and accounting for special nuclear materials.

安保策略4：確保材料控制和特殊核材料的核算；

Security Strategy 5: Protect critical digital assets.

安保策略5：保護重要的數字資產；

Security Strategy 6: Ensure timely distribution of security information to stakeholders and international partners.

安保策略6：確保向利益相關者和國際伙伴們及時分送安保信息；

Security Strategy 7: Ensure that programs for the handling and control of classified and Safeguards Information are effectively implemented at the NRC and at licensee facilities.

安保策略7：確保安保信息和分類控制、處置程序在NRC和許可設施中有效執行。

The NRC’s two strategic goals are the results the agency must achieve to successfully carry out its mission and are the foundation for the rest of the plan.

NRC的這兩項戰略目標（安全和安保）是本機構必須成功完成其使命的結果，也是規劃剩余部分的基礎。

CROSS CUTTING STRATEGIES

交叉策略

Regulatory Effectiveness Strategy 1: Proactively identify, assess, understand, and resolve safety and security issues.

監管有效性策略1：主動識別、評估、理解和解決安全和安保問題；

Regulatory Effectiveness Strategy 2: Regulate in a manner that effectively and efficiently manages known risks and threats, clearly communicates requirements, and ensures that regulations are consistently applied, are practical, and accommodate technology changes in a timely manner.

監管有效性策略2：按照下述方式監管，有效和高效管理已知風險和威脅、清晰傳達要求并且確保法規貫徹執行、科學并及時適應技術變化；

Regulatory Effectiveness Strategy 3: Integrate safety and security programs to identify and avoid unintended consequences.

監管有效性策略3：集成安全和安保程序以識別和避免意外后果；

Openness Strategy 1—Transparency: Make clear information about the NRC’s responsibilities and activities accessible to stakeholders.

開放策略1——透明度：關于NRC職責和行動的信息更清晰，相關干系人更易于接受；

Openness Strategy 2—Participation: Enhance interaction with the public and other stakeholders through use of social media and further enable opportunities for meaningful participation in, and mutual understanding of, NRC regulatory processes.

開放策略2——參與：通過使用社交媒體加強與公眾和其它干系人的溝通，并且進一步增加有意義的公眾參與機會，共同理解NRC監管過程；

Openness Strategy 3—Collaboration: Promote domestic and global nuclear safety and security by creating and taking advantage of opportunities to increase collaboration and share best practices with other Federal agencies, with State, local, and Tribal governments, and with the international regulatory community.

開放策略3——協作：通過創造和利益機會增加與其他聯邦機構、州、當地和部落政府以及國際社會監管等的協作和良好實踐分享，促進國內和全球核安全和安保；

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

KEY MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE-1 HUMAN CAPITAL OBJECTIVE: ATTRACT, DEVELOP, AND MAINTAIN A HIGH-PERFORMING, DIVERSE, ENGAGED, AND FLEXIBLE WORKFORCE WITH THE SKILLS NEEDED TO ADAPT TO WORKLOAD CHANGES AND EFFECTIVELY CARRY OUT THE NRC’S MISSION NOW AND IN THE FUTURE.

管理目標

關鍵管理目標-1人力資本目標：吸引、發展和維持一個高績效、多元化、敬業和彈性的工作團隊，他們有必要的技能以適應各種復合的變化、有效承擔NRC現在和將來的任務。

Human Capital Strategy 1: Maintain qualified and flexible staff and close skill gaps in mission-critical occupations.

人力資本策略1：維持合格和機靈的雇員，符合關鍵崗位技能要求；

Human Capital Strategy 2: Hire the best talent to achieve a high-performing, diverse, and engaged workforce with the skills needed to carry out the NRC’s mission now and in the future and close skills gaps in mission-critical occupations.

人力資本策略2：雇傭最優人才來實現一個高績效、多元化和敬業的工作團隊，他們有必要的技能以適應各種復合的變化、有效承擔NRC現在和將來的任務，符合關鍵崗位技能要求；

Human Capital Strategy 3: Improve knowledge management by identifying and capturing critical knowledge from employees, transferring it to those who need it now, and making it accessible for the future.

人力資本策略3：通過從雇員那識別和獲取關鍵知識來提升知識管理，將其傳授給那些現在需要的人且使得其面向未來；

Human Capital Strategy 4: Promote a strong NRC internal safety culture with an open, collaborative work environment.

人力資本策略4：通過一項開放、協同工作環境的促成NRC強大的內部核安全文化；

Human Capital Strategy 5: Enhance employee learning opportunities and optimize the use of training resources from an agencywide perspective to meet the agency’s current and future critical skill needs.

人力資本策略5：從機構角度而言，強化雇員學習機會并優化培訓資源的使用，以滿足機構當前和未來典型技藝需要；

Human Capital Strategy 6: Strengthen workforce diversity and inclusion.

人力資本策略6：強化員工的多元化和包容性。

KEY MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE-2 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND IT

OBJECTIVE: MAKE IT EASIER FOR NRC STAFF TO PERFORM THEIR MISSION AND TO OBTAIN THE INFORMATION THEY NEED FROM AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES ANYTIME, ANYWHERE, ON ANY DEVICE, WHILE MANAGING THE RISK OF COMPROMISE OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION.

關鍵管理目標-2 信息管理和IT

目標：對于NRC職員而言，使得它更為容易以執行他們的使命，并且當他們對敏感信息陷入風險的管理時可以在任何時候通過如何裝備，從權威人士那需要獲得信息，

Information Management and IT Strategy 1: Enable the NRC’s staff to easily find and use the information they need.

信息管理和IT策略1：使得NRC職員容易發現并使用他們所需信息。

Information Management and IT Strategy 2: Develop a flexible technology infrastructure that provides the foundation to consistently deliver the IT solutions needed to further the agency’s objectives and strategies.

信息管理和IT策略2：開發一項靈活技術框架，以為向本機構目標和戰略進一步交付始終如一的IT解決方案奠定基礎。

Information Management and IT Strategy 3: Improve the value of the NRC’s IT solutions by providing the right products and services when and where needed to support the agency’s mission.

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